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Reverse Osmosis is a technology that is used to remove a large majority of contaminants from water by pushing the water under pressure through a semi-permeable membrane.
This article is aimed towards an audience that has little or no experience with Reverse Osmosis and will attempt to explain the basics in simple terms that should leave the reader with a better overall understanding of Reverse Osmosis technology and its applications.
This article covers the following topics:
1. 1. Understanding Osmosis and Reverse Osmosis
2. How does Reverse Osmosis (RO) work?
3. What contaminants does Reverse Osmosis (RO) remove?
4. Performance and design calculations for Reverse Osmosis (RO) systems
a. Salt Rejection %
b. Salt Passage %
c. Recovery %
d. Concentration Factor
e. Flux Rate
f. Mass Balance
5. Understanding the difference between passes and stages in a Reverse Osmosis (RO) system
a. 1 stage vs 2 stage Reverse Osmosis (RO) system
b. Array
c. Reverse Osmosis (RO) system with a concentrate recycle
d. Single Pass vs Double Pass Reverse Osmosis (RO) systems
6. Pre-treatment for Reverse Osmosis (RO)
a. Fouling
b. Scaling
c. Chemical Attack
d. Mechanical Damage
7. Pre-treatment Solutions for Reverse Osmosis (RO)
a. Multi Media Filtration
b. Microfiltration
c. Antiscalants and scale inhibitors
d. Softening by ion exchange
e. Sodium Bisulfite (SBS) injection
f. Granular Activated Carbon (GAC)
8. Reverse Osmosis (RO) performance trending and data normalization
9. Reverse Osmosis (RO) membrane cleaning
10. Summary
Understanding Reverse Osmosis :
Reverse Osmosis, commonly referred to as RO, is a process where you demineralize or deionize water by pushing it under pressure through a semi-permeable Reverse Osmosis Membrane.
